数字增减不写被动形式
前：In summary, the total fund was increased from 2017 to 2018, form 304.7m to 318.6m.
后：Overall, the total police budget increased from £304.7 million in 2017 to £318.6 million in 2018.
may 后面跟动词原形
使...
- 典：make sb. do...
- 使某人不能做某事（利弊分析 - 弊）
- make it impossible for sb. to do sth.
- prevent sb. from doing sth.
- forbid sb. to do sth.
- 使某人能做（利弊分析 - 利）
- make it possible for sb. to do
- enable / allow sb. to do
- 使某人更容易做某事
- make it easier for sb. to do
- facilitate / help sb. to do
- 使某人更难做某事
- make it difficult for sb. to do
- hinder / hamper / impede sth. / sb.'s doing
- 使某人不得不做：
- make it necessary / essential for sb. to do
- require / compel / force sb. to do
- 使某人不必做：
- make it unnecessary for sb. to do
- obviate the need for sb. to do
- 鼓励人们做：
- make it desirable / attractive for some to do
- encourage sb. to do
- tempt, induce, lure
- lure. prompt, stimulate, drive, motivate, incentivize
- tempt, induce, lure
- 使人们不想做：
- make it undesirable for some to do
- discourage sb. to do
- put sb. off doing sth. / sth.
- 使某人更可能做：
- make it more likely for sb. to do
- raise the likelihood for some to do
- 使某人不太可能做：
- make it more unlikely for sb. to do
- reduce the likelihood for some to do
让步转折
- cause：引起
- cause ... to do ...
小作文
更新: 10/19/2026 字数: 0 字 时长: 0 分钟
TIP
图表经常会省略冠词；millons of euros 的要改成 million euros
线图
动态的图，思路和技巧大多可以举一反三
从前后写
开头段
图表：
- graph（通用的图表），chart（通用，但表格不太合适）
- line chart 线图
- pie chart 饼图
- bar chart 柱状图
- table/diagram 表格
- process chart / flow chart 流程图
- map 地图
- the former / the latter
展现：
- present
- show
- illustrate
- compare（除了流程图）
时间跨度：
- 时间点
- from ... to ...
- between ... and ...
- since ... until
- 时间段
- over / through (the first / following / subsequent / next / last) 80 years （over 更常用语句首）
- till / at the end of the period in question：最后一年（在问题中）
- through a period of 80 years
- through an 80-year period
- period = span
- 10 years = a decade
- 100 / 50 years = (half) a century
- 随后
- before：可视作“然后”（连词，放在另一个句子“ , ”之后）
- after：和 before 的位置相反
- subsequently / afterwards（副词，句子开头）
- over the following ... years
- then on：自那之后
- then, after that
- thereafter, since then on（适合用在最后一段趋势）
包含：
- namely
- i.e. (拉丁语起源)
- viz. （法语起源）
- abovementioned（上述的）
Overview
- Correspondingly：相应地（两表衔接，“似乎有关系”）
- 四种描述的句式：
- 赤裸裸 - Japan's elderly population increased from 3% in 1940 to 5% in 1960. (= Between 1940 and 1960, the figure increased from 3% to 5%.)
- 秀一下 - Japan's elderly population showed/experienced an increase from 3% in 1940 to 5% in 1960.
- 大尾巴 - There was an increase in Japan's elderly population from 3% in 1940 to 5% in 1960.
- 大脑袋 - An increase in Japan's elderly population was shown/was found/was evident/followed from 3% in 1940 to 5% in 1960.
表述
- 百分比：percentage = proportion = share
- 大约：about = approximately = some = around -> ... roughly -> ... crudely
- at approximately ...
- 几乎：nearly = virtually = almost = practically
- 保持不动：keep unchanged = remain constant = maintain the same level = stabilize = plateau (v.)
- returned to the original level （回到最初的水平） / level up （水平相等）
- 恢复：recoverd / bounced back to ...
TIP
其实不必要每次都用"大约"，即便与数据不符
- 增长：increase = rise = climb = grow (growth) = go up (upward trend)
- 猛增：jump = soar (to) = surge = spike = (sky)rocket
- 减少：decrease = decline = reduce (reduction) = drop = fall = go down (downward trend)
- 猛减：dive（跳水）= plummet（坠落） = plunge
- 波动：
fluctuate => a fluctuate growth
keep fluctuating around / between ... and ...：在...上下波动
fluctuation：主要是伴随
- a growth with fluctuations：伴随波动的增长
- with miner fluctuations：伴随轻微的波动
- with occasional fluctuations：伴随偶尔的波动
- despite some fluctuations：尽管有一些波动
线图中，很快地下降再上升，类似 v 字，此动作称作 "dip(dipped) v. & n.", dip to
最高顶：peak v. n.
- peak at ...：达到...的峰值
- 必须是整个时间段的最峰顶
最低点：bottom (out) v. n.
- bottom out at...
- 必须是整个时间段的最峰谷
趋势不变，程度变：
- the upward / downward trend
- turn (tremendously) sharper / turn milder
- Ex: From 1985 to 2020, the share of population aged 65 and over in Japan rose mildly to 10%, before the upward trend turned sharper, arriving at 27% by the end of the span in question
TIP
增长或减少：to；持平：at
趋势：
- 主要趋势：两个数字都下降
- the number of both (A) and (B) showed similar patterns: both figures experienced a drop / downward trend (before maintaining same level through the latter stage of the period in question).
- the ... in all three countries are expected to experience a growth, with varying degrees. (By the end of the period in question), Japan’s figure is projected to soar to an enormous 27%, way greater than Sweden’s (25%) and USA’s (23%).
- 伴随趋势： 在整个时间段，后者超越了前者
- the latter number (overtook / surpass) the former towards the end of the whole period ->
表述程度的词（adj.）
- slight：轻微的
- mild, moderate, modest：温和的
- steady：稳定的
- considerable, substantial, significant：较大的
- rapid, sharp, steep, dramatic(lly)：迅猛地'
- 主要趋势：两个数字都下降
介词：
- at - 处于某个数值
- remain constant at
- peak at
- to
- by：到某个年份
- until
到达：
- reaching 3000 （在增减情况下）
- standing at 3000
- arriving at 3000
- ending with 3000 / staring with 3000
- around 3000
- at approximately 3000
- to 3000
- get to 3000
TIP
有节制的用副词，不要滥用
特殊句式（所有线图题必用一次）
The (first / initial) 20 years saw an （considerable） increase in (this number) from 30% to 100%（时间做主语）
- The (following) 2 decades saw an increase in share to 100%（不重复）
A speedy decrease was shown / apparent
it increased => there was a drop by ... in this number
现在分词做状语，适合放在句尾：（一个增长）, peaking at ....
转场（话题转移）：
- as for：至于
- as for shop openings, their number ...
- with regard to ...
- regarding ...
- concerning ...
- turning to ...
- as far as ... is concerned, ...
未来趋势：
- ... that are estimated to continue in the future, with Japan ending up with the highest degree of population aging.
- For the coming two decades, all four countries in Asia are expected to experience a climb in the proportion of people living in cities, with varing degrees. By the end period in question, Malaysia is projected to go up significantly in the percentage of citzens arriving at 82%, much greater then Philippines (52%), Thailand (46%) and Indonesia (62%).
- 从 From AAAA to BBBB 替换成 Since AAAA, ... (现在完成时) ... 后面预测时 till BBBB
亮点总结：
- before
- 特殊句式：... saw ...
表格
将数据分组，分组依据可以有：
- 数据大小：最大的，其余相近的，然后最小的
- 类别：最后说 other ...
占据大小：
- occupy the (largest / highest) share of (42%) in / among ...
排名：
- 最大值
- largest / highest
- 排名第一，高居首位
- rank the first among ...
- top the list of ...
- 第二大值（离第一很近）
- ... followed by ... , which (accounts for 30%)
- closely follows, (accounting for ...)
- with ... closely following (30%) <- 这个括号不是替换的意思，真就得这么写
- 剩下的小数值（相对不重要）
- respectively 一起写：A, B and C take up 5, 4, and 3 respectively.
- 区间、范围：
- range from ... to ...：The shares of A, B and C range from 3 and 5.
- cluster between ... and ... ：The shares of A, B and C cluster between 3 and 5
- "-" ：The shares of A, B and C account for 3-5 each.
- 相似的数字比较
- 略小于
- ... , slightly higher / larger than (that of B (14%) )
- ..., a number slightly higher / larger than (that of B (14%) )
- 两倍：... , twice as large as (that of B (14%) )
- 相等：A and B are equal at ... / A and B are match up at ...
- 可以用 respectively 来表述具体数字
- 略小于
TIP
- with sth. doing 表述结果
- 饼图还可以将多个数据加在一起： The shares of A, B and C combined account for 9.
大作文
更新: 10/19/2026 字数: 0 字 时长: 0 分钟
- 开头段
- 论述段1 ~ 90 words
- 论述段1 ~ 90 words
如果有 as well as，先讨论 as well as 后面的
people should do ... 代表好的，替换成 it is desirable for people to
建议：suggestion
行动：move
行为：action
做法：practice
ex: It is not a perfect (suggestions) which should be taken by everyone.
ex: The failures of saving money are usually caused by the lack of resources instead of short-sightedness or overconsumption.
在大作文中，同一个观点的论述最好不要更改主语。
没话可数：
- 虽然...但是...
- ex: While most of them do receive pocket money from their parents, the amount（用于不可数） of the fund is just nominal（名义上的，象征性的） considering their needs for expenditure in life, including buying gifts and paying for school trips. The typically have little money at their disposal by the heavy financial.
- 举列子展开，从小见大
- 对方支持的观点，通常有个目的，什么时候该目的不必要
- 过分关注很导致什么
- 从个人出发，再到他人如何看待
- 多具体，少抽象
举例子：
- for example, for instance
- Take ... as an example: ...
- such as, like, including, particularly
- to be exact
- 无论是，还是：whether it/these be ... or ...
- 有一个例子是，还有一个例子是：For one thing ... For another thing ...
little more than：只不过是，仅仅等同于
accumulate：积累
decent：充足的，体面的
pay off：还清
obesession：痴迷，过分执着；tendency：倾向
for instance 的位置可以比较灵活
可能会：be likely / liable to
尽可能地：desperately
倾向于：tend to
省钱：spare their money
慷慨/吝啬：generous / dingy
在其他人的眼里：to their friends. their family ...
趋势 / 引诱：drives / entice
压抑欲望：suppress their desire
尽管这是合理的：even when it is completely justifiable
（例子插入）无论是给自己的一段大餐还是给孩子买的一个玩具：whether it is a nice meal for themselves or a toy for the children
心态，做法：mentality, practice
诚然...但是...：Admittedly ... but ... / whereas / while
带来....的感觉：create a sense of (security)
并非适用于所有人：not everyone is able to have (savings), nor is it the most significant thing in life for a happy life
reckless：鲁莽的，不计后果的；粗心大意的
使人更难做某事（某种阻力）
- hinder some's from doing something
迫人做:
- require / compel someone to do
不必做：
- make it unnecessary for someone to do
- obviate the need for someone to do（科技进步）
促使人们做：
- encourage someone to do
- facilitate
使收到迫害：
- likely to
泛用
更新: 10/19/2026 字数: 0 字 时长: 0 分钟
家庭：household（房子） = family = domestic
城市：urban / city
乡下：rural / countryside
拥有：household with... = household owning = household that owned/had = *owners of ...
hours => time
the number of（...的数量）
TIP
owners 需要一定上下文支持。 -er 表述特定主体
- 数字：figure, number
- gross 类似 total，是指“多类别的人的总和”。
人的替代：
- participants：参与者
- players
- performers
- members who joined
- senior：长者，老年人
- residents / dwellers / citizens / people living in cities（用 who live 可能错时态）：居民
- urban Thai people：泰国的城市居民
- urban Malaysians：马来西亚的城市居民
- urban Indonesians：印度尼西亚的城市居民
- Turkey - Tuks：土耳其人
- ...
- urbanization in terms of population：人口的城市化率
数字的完成表达（以段落为单位）：
- 首次出现：the number of participants
- 二次改写、指代：these participants / participants of these activities / those taking part in
- 三次：this number / these numbers (sum, amount, percentage, population)
- 四次：it / these
- 跨项指代：table tennis' participants / musical performances' figure
TIP
and it => 有时可以替换为 wich
- million 没有复数
- undertake mortgages：承担债务